Pluralism is used, often in different ways, across a wide range of topics to denote a diversity of views, and stands in opposition to one single approach or method of interpretation:
- Benefice, in the sense of holding multiple ecclesiastical offices
- Cosmic pluralism, the belief in numerous other worlds beyond the Earth, which may possess the conditions suitable for life
- Cultural pluralism, when small groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities (see Multiculturalism)
- Legal pluralism, acknowledges the existence of differing legal systems in the world
- Methodological pluralism, the view that some phenomena observed in science and social science require multiple methods to account for their nature
- Pluralism (industrial relations), recognition of a multiplicy of legitimate interests and stakeholders in the employment relationship
- Pluralism (political philosophy), the acknowledgment of a diversity of political systems
- Pluralism (political theory), belief that there should be diverse and competing centres of power in society, so that there is a marketplace for ideas
- Pluralist school, a Greek school of pre-Socratic professors
- Educational pluralism, the belief that an educational community is enriched when individual differences are respected and welcomed.
- Religious pluralism, the acceptance of all religious paths as equally valid, promoting coexistence
- Scientific pluralism, the view that some phenomena observed in science require multiple explanations to account for their nature.
- Social pluralism, places the study of political phenomena on the ground where systematic explanation is the norm.
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