Chikuma may refer to:
- Chikuma is a city located in Nagano Prefecture of Japan
- Chikuma District was a district located in the vicinity of the current city of Matsumoto
- Chikuma River is the name of the Shinano River as it flows through Nagano Prefecture
- Chikuma class cruiser, a class of protected cruisers of the Imperial Japanese Navy
- Chikuma, a ship of the Imperial Japanese Navy
- Japanese cruiser Chikuma (1938) - a Tone-class heavy cruiser that commissioned in 1939 and was scuttled in 1944 after the Battle off Samar.
- JDS Chikuma, a Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force ship