Personal Pronouns
PIE had personal pronouns in the first and second person, but not the third person, where demonstratives were used instead. They were inflected for case and number (singular, dual, and plural). The personal pronouns had their own unique forms and endings, and some had two distinct stems; this is most obvious in the first person singular, where the two stems are still preserved, as for instance in English I and me. There were also two varieties for the accusative, genitive and dative cases, a stressed and an enclitic form. Many of the special pronominal endings were later borrowed as nominal endings.
The following tables give the paradigms as reconstructed by Beekes and by Sihler.
| Personal pronouns (Beekes) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First person | Second person | ||||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||
| Nominative | *h₁eǵ(oH/Hom) | *uei | *tuH | *iuH | |
| Accusative | stressed | *h₁mé | *nsmé | *tué | *usmé |
| enclitic | *h₁me | *nōs | *te | *uōs | |
| Genitive | stressed | *h₁méne | *ns(er)o- | *teue | *ius(er)o- |
| enclitic | *h₁moi | *nos | *toi | *uos | |
| Dative | stressed | *h₁méǵʰio | *nsmei | *tébʰio | *usmei |
| enclitic | *h₁moi | *ns | *toi | ? | |
| Instrumental | *h₁moí | ? | *toí | ? | |
| Ablative | *h₁med | *nsmed | *tued | *usmed | |
| Locative | *h₁moí | *nsmi | *toí | *usmi | |
| Personal pronouns (Sihler) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First person | Second person | ||||||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
| Nominative | *eǵoH | *weh₁ | *we-i | *tī̆ (*tū̆) | *yuh₁ (*yūh₁?) | *yūs (*yuHs?) | |
| Accusative | tonic | *m-mé (> *mé) | *n ̥h₁-wé | *n̥smé | *twé | *uh₁-wé | *usmé |
| enclitic | *me | *nō̆h₁ | *nō̆s | *te | *wō̆h₁ | *wō̆s | |
| Genitive | tonic | *mé-me | *n̥sóm | *té-we | *usóm | ||
| enclitic | *mos (adj.) | *nō̆s | *tos (adj.) | *wō̆s | |||
| Dative | tonic | *mébhi | *n̥sm-éy | *tébhi | *usm-éy | ||
| enclitic | *mey, *moy? | *nō̆s | *tey, *toy | *wō̆s | |||
| Ablative | *mm-ét (> *mét) | *n̥sm-ét | *tw-ét | *usm-ét | |||
Other reconstructions typically differ only slightly from Beekes and Sihler (see for example Fortson 2004).
Read more about this topic: Proto-Indo-European Pronouns
Other articles related to "personal pronouns, pronouns, pronoun":
... Personal pronouns in ASL are indexic ... When the referent is physically present, pronouns involve simply pointing at the referent, with different handshapes for different pronominal uses A 'G ... when pointing to a person that is physically present, a pronoun is equivalent to either 'you' or '(s)he' depending on the discourse ...
... Early Modern English has two second-person personal pronouns thou, the informal singular pronoun, and ye, both the plural pronoun and the formal singular ... preserved, in Early Modern English, archaic pronouns and verb endings that had already begun to fall out of spoken use ... Like other personal pronouns, thou and ye have different forms dependent on their grammatical case specifically, the objective form of thou is thee, its possessive forms are thy and thine, and its reflexive or ...
... Examples Moadto mi sa eskuwelahan ... We (someone else and I but not you) will go to school ...
... Altai has six personal pronouns Personal pronouns in Standard/Southern dialect Singular Plural Altai (transliteration) English Altai (transliteration) English мен (men) I бис (bis) we сен (sen) you (singular ... For example, the pronouns in the Qumandin dialect follow ... Personal pronouns in Qumandin Singular Plural Altai (transliteration) English Altai (transliteration) English мен (men) I пис (pis) we сен (sen) you (singular) снер (sner) you (plural, formal ...
... use of "usted" (the second-person singular pronoun considered "formal" in most varieties of Spanish) between friends, family members, and others whose relationship would indicate ... Characteristic regional usages of pronouns include voseo (use of vos for the familiar singular "you", rather than the tú of other dialects) in the Paisa region and the ... The second person plural pronoun "vosotros" and its corresponding verb forms (-áis/-éis), which are common in Spain, are, in Colombia—as in all other Spanish-speaking countries in Latin ...
Famous quotes containing the words pronouns and/or personal:
“In the meantime no sense in bickering about pronouns and other parts of blather.”
—Samuel Beckett (1906–1989)
“Persecution was at least a sign of personal interest. Tolerance is composed of nine parts of apathy to one of brotherly love.”
—Frank Moore Colby (1865–1925)