Sixteen Kingdoms Period 十六國/十六国
| Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) | Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: use personal name | ||||
| Han Zhao Empire 漢趙/汉赵 304-329 (addressed separately in traditional texts as Han Empire 漢/汉 and Former Zhao Empire 前赵) | ||||
| Han Empire 304-318 | ||||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Guang Wen Di (光文帝 guang1 wen2 di4) | Liu Yuan|劉淵 liu2 yuan1 | 304-310 | Jiànxīng (建興) 304-307 Yǒngfèng (永鳳) 308 |
| Did not exist | Liang Wang (梁王 liang2 wang2) | Liu He|劉和 liu2 he2 | 7 days in 310 | Guāngxīng (光興) 310 (continuation) |
| Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) | Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4) | Liu Cong|劉聰 liu2 cong1 | 310-318 | Guāngxīng (光興) 310 (continuation) Jiāpíng (嘉平) 311-315 |
| Did not exist | Yin Di (隱帝 yin3 di4) | Liu Can|劉粲 liu2 can4 | a month and days in 318 | Hànchāng (漢昌) 318 (until renaming as Former Zhao) |
| Qian (Former) Zhao Empire 前赵 318-329 | ||||
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 zhu3) | Liu Yao|劉曜 liu2 yao4 | 318-329 | Guāngchū (光初) 318-329 (until conquest by Later Zhao) |
| Hou (Later) Zhao Empire 后赵 319–351 | ||||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) | Shi Le|石勒 shi2 le4 | 319-333 | Zhaòwáng (趙王) 319-327 Tàihé (太和) 328-329 |
| Did not exist | Hai Yang Wang (海陽王 hai3 yang2 wang2) | Shi Hong|石弘 shi2 hong2 | 333-334 | Yánxī (延熙) 333 (continuation) Jiànwǔ (建武) 334 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) | Shi Hu|石虎 shi2 hu3 | 334-349 | Jiànwǔ (建武) 334-348 Taìníng (太寧) 349 |
| Did not exist | Qiao Wang (譙王 qiao2 wang2) | Shi Shi|石世 shi2 shi4 | 73 days in 349 | Taìníng (太寧) 349 (continuation) |
| Did not exist | Pang Cheng Wang (彭城王 pang2 cheng2 wang2) | Shi Zun|石遵 shi2 zun1 | 183 days in 349 | Taìníng (太寧) 349 (continuation) |
| Did not exist | Yi Yang Wang (義陽王 yi4 yang2 wang2) | Shi Jian|石鑒 shi2 jian4 | 103 days within 349-350 | Qīnglóng (青龍) (changed mid-year) |
| Did not exist | Xin Xing Wang (新興王 xin1 xing1 wang2) | Shi Zhi|石祗 shi2 zhi1 | 350-351 | Yǒngníng (永寧) 350-351 (until Ran Min's coup) |
| Cheng Han Empire 成漢/成汉 303-347 (addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng Empire and Han Empire) | ||||
| Cheng Empire 303-338 | ||||
| Shi Zu (始祖 shi3 zu3) or Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) | Li Te|李特 li3 te4 | 303 | Jiànchū (建初) or Jǐngchū (景初) 303 |
| Did not exist | Qin Wen Wang (秦文王 qin2 wen2 wang2) | Li Liu|李流 li3 liu2 | several months in 303 | Jiànchū (建初) or Jǐngchū (景初) 303 (continuation) |
| Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) | Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) | Li Xiong|李雄 li3 xiong2 | 303-334 | Jiànchū (建初) or Jǐngchū (景初) 303 (continuation) Jiànxīng (建興) 304-305 |
| Did not exist | Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 si4) | Li Ban|李班 li3 ban1 | 7 months in 334 | Yùhéng (玉衡) 334 (continuation) |
| Did not exist | You Gong (幽公 you1 gong1) | Li Qi|李期 li3 qi1 | 334-338 | Yùhéng (玉恆) 334-337 (continuation) Hànxīng (漢興) |
| Han Empire 338-347 | ||||
| Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) | Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) | Li Shou|李壽 li3 shou4 | 338-343 | Hànxīng (漢興) 338-343 (continuation) |
| Did not exist | Gui Yi Hou (歸義侯 gui1 yi4 hou2) | Li Shi|李勢 li3 shi4 | 343-347 | Hànxīng (漢興) 343 (continuation) Tàihé (太和) 344-345 |
| Qian (Former) Yan Empire 前燕 337-370 | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wen Ming Di (文明帝 wen2 ming2 di4) | Murong Huang|慕容皝 mu4 rong2 huang3 | 337-348 | Yànwáng (燕王) 337-348 |
| Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) | Jing Zhao Di (景昭帝 jing3 zhao1 di4) | Murong Jun|慕容俊 mu4 rong2 jun4 | 348-360 | Yànwáng (燕王) 348 (continuation) Yànyuán (燕元) 349-351 |
| Did not exist | You Di (幽帝 you1 di4) | Murong Wei|慕容暐 mu4 rong2 wei3 | 360-370 | Jiànxī (建熙) 360-365 (continuation) Jiànyuán (建元) 366-370 |
| Hou (Later) Yan Empire 后燕 384-407 | ||||
| Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Wu Cheng Di (武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4) | Murong Chui|慕容垂 mu4 rong2 chui2 | 384-396 | Yanyuan (燕王 yan4 wang2) 384-385 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 386-396 |
| Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) | Hui Min Di (惠愍帝 hui4 min3 di4) | Murong Bao|慕容寶 mu4 rong2 bao3 | 396-398 | Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 396-398 |
| Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) | Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4) | Murong Sheng|慕容盛 mu4 rong2 sheng4 | 398-401 | Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 398 Changluo (長樂 chang2 le4) 399-401 |
| Did not exist | Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) | Murong Xi|慕容熙 mu4 rong2 xi1 | 401-407 | Guangshi (光始 guang1 shi3) 401-406 Jianshi (建始 jian4 shi3) 407 |
| Nan (Southern) Yan Empire 南燕 398-410 | ||||
| Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1) | Xian Wu Di (獻武帝 xian4 wu3 di4) | Murong De|慕容德 mu4 rong2 de2 | 398-405 | Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 398-400 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 400-405 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Murong Chao|慕容超 mu4 rong2 chao1 | 405-410 | Taishang (太上 tai4 shang4) 405-410 |
| Bei (Northern) Yan Empire 北燕 407-436 | ||||
| Did not exist | Hui Yi Di (惠懿帝 hui4 yi4 di4) | Gao Yun|高雲 gao1 yun2 | 407-409 | Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 407-409 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wen Cheng Di (文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4) | Feng Ba|馮跋 feng2 ba2 | 409-430 | Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 409-430 |
| Did not exist | Zhao Cheng Di (昭成帝 zhao1 cheng2 di4) | Feng Hong|馮弘 feng2 hong2 | 430-436 | Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 430-436 |
| Qian (Former) Liang Kingdom 前凉 320-376 | ||||
| Did not exist | Cheng Gong (成公 cheng2 gong1) | Zhang Mao|張茂 zhang1 mao4 | 320-324 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 320-324 |
| Did not exist | Zhong Cheng Gong (忠成公 zhong1 cheng2 gong1) | Zhang Jun|張駿 zhang1 jun4 | 324-346 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 324-346 |
| Did not exist | Huan Gong (桓公 huan2 gong1) | Zhang Chonghua|張重華 zhang1 chong2 hua2 | 346-353 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 346-353 |
| Did not exist | Ai Gong (哀公 ai1 gong1) | Zhang Yaoling|張曜靈 zhang1 yao4 ling2 | 3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353 |
| Did not exist | Wei Wang (威王 wei1 wang2) | Zhang Zuo|張祚 zhang1 zuo4 | 353-355 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353-354 Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 354-355 |
| Did not exist | Jing Dao Gong (敬悼公 jing4 dao4 gong1) or Chong Gong (沖公 chong1 gong1) | Zhang Xuanjing|張玄靖 zhang1 xuan2 jing4 | 355-363 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 355-361 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 361-363 |
| Did not exist | Dao Gong (悼公 dao4 gong1) | Zhang Tianxi|張天錫 zhang1 tian1 xi2 | 364-376 | Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 364-376 |
| Hou (Later) Liang Kingdom 后凉 386–403 | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Yi Wu Wang (懿武王 yi4 wu3 wang2) | Lü Guang|呂光 uu3 guang1 | 386-399 | Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 386-389 Lunjiā (麟嘉 lun2 jiā) 389-396 |
| Did not exist | Yin Wang (隱王 yin3 wang2) | Lü Shao|呂紹 luu3 shao4 | 399 | Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 399 |
| Did not exist | Ling Wang (靈王 ling2 wang2) | Lü Zuan|呂纂 luu3 zuan3 | 399-401 | Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2) 399-401 |
| Did not exist | Shang Shu Gong (尚書公 shang4 shu1 gong1) or Jiankang Gong (建康公 jian4 kang1 gong1) | Lü Long|呂隆 luu3 long2 | 401-403 | Shending (神鼎 shen2 ding3) 401-403 |
| Nan (Southern) Liang Kingdom 南凉 397–414 | ||||
| Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3) | Wu Wang (武王 wu3 wang2) | Tufa Wugu|禿髮烏孤 tu1 fa3 wu1 gu1 | 397-399 | Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 397-399 |
| Did not exist | Kang Wang (康王 kang1 wang2) | Tufa Lilugu|禿髮利鹿孤 tu1 fa3 li4 lu4 gu1 | 399-402 | Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 399-402 |
| Did not exist | Jing Wang (景王 jing3 wang2) or Jing Wang (敬王 jing4 wang2) | Tufa Rutan|禿髮傉檀 tu1 fa3 li4 ru4 tan2 | 402-414 | Hongchang (弘昌 hong2 chang1) 402-404 Jiāping (嘉平 ping2) 409-414 |
| Bei (Northern) Liang Kingdom 北凉 397-439 (as Kings of Gao Chang 442-460) | ||||
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Duan Ye|段業 duan4 ye4 | 397-401 | Shen Xi (神璽 shen2 xi3) 397-399 Tian Xi (天璽 tian1 xi3) 399-401 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Xuan Wang (武宣王 wu3 xuan1 wang2) | Juqu Mengxun|沮渠蒙遜 ju3 qu2 meng2 xun4 | 401-433 | Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 401-412 Xuanshi (玄始 xuan2 shi3) 412-428 |
| Did not exist | Ai Wang (哀王 ai1 wang2) | Juqu Mujian|沮渠牧犍 ju3 qu2 mu4 jian1 | 433-439 | Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 433-439 |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Juqu Wuhui|沮渠無諱 ju3 qu2 wu2 hui4 | 442-444 | Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 442-443 Qianshou (乾壽 qian2 shou4) 443-444 |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Juqu Anzhou|沮渠安周 ju3 qu2 an1 zhou1 | 444-460 | Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 444-460 |
| Xi (Western) Liang Kingdom 西凉 400-421 | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Zhao Wang (武昭王 wu3 zhao1 wang2) | Li Gao|李暠 li3 gao3 | 400-417 | Gengzi (庚子 geng1 zi5) 400-405 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 406-416 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Li Xin|李歆 li3 xin1 | 417-420 | Jiāxing (嘉興 xing1) 417-420 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Li Xun|李恂 li3 xun2 | 420-421 | Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 420-421 |
| Qian Former Qin Empire 前秦 351–394 | ||||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Jing Ming Di (景明帝 jing3 ming2 di4) | Fu Jian|苻健 fu2 jian4 | 351-355 | Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 351-355 |
| Did not exist | Li Wang (厲王 li4 wang2) | Fu Sheng|苻生 fu2 sheng1 | 355-357 | Shouguang (壽光 shou4 guang1) 355-357 |
| Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Xuan Zhao Di (宣昭帝 xuan1 zhao1 di4) | Fu Jian|苻堅 fu2 jian1 | 357-385 | Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 357-359 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 359-364 |
| Did not exist | Ai Ping Di (哀平帝 ai1 ping2 di4) | Fu Pi|苻丕 fu2 pi1 | 385-386 | Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 385-386 |
| Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) | Gao Di (高帝 gao1 di4) | Fu Deng|苻登 fu2 deng1 | 386-394 | Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 385-394 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Fu Chong|苻崇 fu2 chong2 | several months in 394 | Yanchu (延初 yan2 chu1) 394 |
| Hou (Later) Qin Empire 后秦 384–417 | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Zhao Di (武昭帝 wu3 zhao1 di4) | Yao Chang|姚萇 yao2 chang2 | 384-393 | Bai Que (白雀 bai2 que4) 384-386 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 386-393 |
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Wen Huan Di (文桓帝 wen2 huan2 di4) | Yao Xing|姚興 yao2 xing1 | 394-416 | Huangchu (皇初 huang2 chu1) 394-399 Hongshi (弘始 hong2 shi3) 399-416 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Yao Hong|姚泓 yao2 hong2 | 416-417 | Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 416-417 |
| Xi (Western) Qin Kingdom 西秦 385-400,409-431 | ||||
| Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3) | Xuan Lie Wang (宣烈王 xuan1 lie4 wang2) | Qifu Guoren|乞伏國仁 qi3 fu2 guo2 ren2 | 385-388 | Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 385-388 |
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Wu Yuan Wang (武元王 wu3 yuan2 wang2) | Qifu Gangui|乞伏乾歸 qi3 fu2 gan1 gui1 | 388-400,409-412 | Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 388-400 Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 409-412 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wen Zhao Wang (文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2) | Qifu Chipan|乞伏熾磐 qi3 fu2 chi4 pan2 | 412-428 | Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 412-419 Jianhong (建弘 jian4 hong2) 420-428 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Qifu Mumo|乞伏暮末 qi3 fu2 mu4 mo4 | 428-431 | Yonghong (永弘 yong3 hong2) 428-431 |
| Xia Empire 夏 407-431 | ||||
| Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Wu Lie Di (武烈帝 wu3 lie4 di4) | Helian Bobo|赫連勃勃 he4 lian2 bo2 bo2 | 407-425 | Longsheng (龍升 long2 sheng1) 407-413 Fengxiang (鳳翔 feng4 xiang2) 413-418 |
| Did not exist | Qin Wang (秦王 qin2 wang2) | Helian Chang|赫連昌 he4 lian2 chang1 | 425-428 | Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 425-428 |
| Did not exist | Ping Yuan Wang (平原王 ping2 yuan2 wang2) | Helian Ding|赫連定 he4 lian2 ding4 | 428-431 | Shengguang (勝光 sheng4 guang1) 425-428 |
Read more about this topic: List Of Chinese Monarchs
Famous quotes containing the words sixteen, kingdoms and/or period:
“If you think that nobility consists of having sixteen ancestors rather than merit, great Prince, then you may—and you may also praise or condemn me.”
—Franz Grillparzer (1791–1872)
“How will it be with kingdoms and with kings—
With those who shaped him to the thing he is—
When this dumb Terror shall rise to judge the world,
After the silence of the centuries?”
—Edwin Markham (1852–1940)
“If there is any period one would desire to be born in, is it not the age of Revolution; when the old and the new stand side by side, and admit of being compared; when the energies of all men are searched by fear and by hope; when the historic glories of the old can be compensated by the rich possibilities of the new era?”
—Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)