Radiated Power
The total power radiated by a ground dipole is
where
- f is the frequency
- I is the RMS current in the loop
- L is the length of the transmission line
- c is the speed of light
- h is the height above ground of the ionosphere D layer
- σ is the ground conductivity
The radiated power of an electrically small loop antenna normally scales with the fourth power of the frequency, but at ELF frequencies the effects of the ionosphere result in a less severe reduction in power proportional to the square of frequency.
Read more about this topic: Ground Dipole
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