Brahmanas
The visuvant (summer solstice) period is 21 days in Aitreya Br. and 7 days in Pancavimsa Br., the summer solstice being in the middle of the period.
The gavam ayana ritual in SB 4.6.2. is based on the motion of the sun.
In the Maitrayana Brahmana Upanishad (6.14), the year is said to be into two portions, with the part from Magha to half of Śraviṣṭha associated with Agni, and the part from Sārpa to half of Śraviṣṭha associated with Varuna and Saumya (the moon). Aiyar has argued that Agni suggests the warm half and similarly Varuna the cool half of the year, suggesting the summer solstice at the beginning of Maghā and thus implying the vernal equinox in Kṛttikā. This, according to Kak, would correspond to 1660 BCE.
The Shatapatha Brahmana mentions that the Krttikas (the Pleiades) "do not swerve from the east". This would have been the case with precision at 2950 BCE and was true also about 2000 BCE, but was still true to within 8-13 degrees (viz., East by north) around the 8th to 6th centuries BC, the assumed date of the text's composition.
Read more about this topic: Archaeoastronomy And Vedic Chronology
Other articles related to "brahmanas, brahmana":
... the Ramathas, the Kamvojas, the several castes that have sprung up from Brahmanas and Kshatriyas, the Vaisyas, and the Sudras, that reside in the dominions of (Arya ... It is in consequence of the absence of Brahmanas from among them that the Sakas, the Yavanas, the Kamvojas and other Kshatriya tribes have become ... the Mahishakas and other Kshatriyas, have, in consequence of the absence of Brahmanas from among their midst, become degraded into Sudras (1333) ...
... The Brahmanas are commentaries on the Vedas and form part of the Shruti literature ... In the Rigveda, Shakala shakha Aitareya Brahmana Verse 1 declares that agnir vai devānām avamo viṣṇuḥ paramas, tadantareṇa sarvā anyā devatā - Agni is the lowest or youngest god and Vishnu is ... The Brahmanas assert the supremacy of Lord Vishnu, addressing him as "Yajnapati", the one whom all sacrifices are meant to please ...
... Tej Ram Sharma, an Indian historian, says that The names of brahmanas occuring in our inscriptions sometimes end in a non-brahmanic cognomen such as Bhatta, Datta and Kunda, etc ... Dasa, Naga and Nandin are now confined to Kayasthas of Bengal but not to brahmanas ... some scholars have suggested that there is a considerable brahmana element in the present day Kayastha community of Bengal ...
... The Shatapatha Brahmana mentions a story of creation, in which the Prajapati performs tapas to reproduce himself ...