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Commonsense Knowledge Base ... The problem is considered to be among the hardest in all of AI research because the breadth and detail of commonsense knowledge is enormous. Any task that requires commonsense knowledge is considered AI-complete: to be done as well as a human being does it, it requires the machine to appear as intelligent as a human being...
Transhumanism ... The contemporary meaning of the term transhumanism was foreshadowed by one of the first professors of futurology, FM-2030, who taught "new concepts of the Human" at The New School of New York City in the 1960s, when he began to identify people who adopt technologies, lifestyles and world views transitional to "posthumanity" as "transhuman". This hypothesis would lay the intellectual groundwork for the British philosopher Max More to begin articulating the principles of transhumanism as a futurist philosophy in 1990, and organizing in California an intelligentsia that has since grown into the worldwide transhumanist movement...
GOFAI ... The term "GOFAI" was coined by John Haugeland in his 1986 book Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea, which explored the philosophical implications of artificial intelligence research...
List Of Programming Languages For Artificial Intelligence ... It includes features intended to support programs that could perform general problem solving, including lists, associations, schemas (frames), dynamic memory allocation, data types, recursion, associative retrieval, functions as arguments, generators (streams), and cooperative multitasking. Lisp is a practical mathematical notation for computer programs based on lambda calculus...
IBM ... The company was founded in 1911 as the Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation through a merger of three companies: the Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, and the Computing Scale Corporation. CTR adopted the name International Business Machines in 1924, using a name previously designated to CTR's subsidiary in Canada and later South America...
Philosophy Of Artificial Intelligence ... Important propositions in the philosophy of AI include: Turing's "polite convention": If a machine acts as intelligently as a human being, then it is as intelligent as a human being. The Dartmouth proposal: "Every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it." Newell and Simon's physical symbol system hypothesis: "A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means of general intelligent action." Searle's strong AI hypothesis: "The appropriately programmed computer with the right inputs and outputs would thereby have a mind in exactly the same sense human beings have minds." Hobbes' mechanism: "Reason is nothing but reckoning." Can a machine display general intelligence? Psychology History Subfields Basic science Abnormal Biological Cognitive Comparative Cultural Differential Developmental Evolutionary Experimental...
Computer Vision ... Applications range from tasks such as industrial machine vision systems which, say, inspect bottles speeding by on a production line, to research into artificial intelligence and computers or robots that can comprehend the world around them...
Artificial Intelligence ... Artificial intelligence has been the subject of optimism, but has also suffered setbacks and, today, has become an essential part of the technology industry, providing the heavy lifting for many of the most difficult problems in computer science...
Robotics ... The concept and creation of machines that could operate autonomously dates back to classical times, but research into the functionality and potential uses of robots did not grow substantially until the 20th century. Today, robotics is a rapidly growing field, as we continue to research, design, and build new robots that serve various practical purposes, whether domestically, commercially, or militarily...
Emerging Technologies ... Emerging technologies are those technical innovations which represent progressive developments within a field for competitive advantage; converging technologies represent previously distinct fields which are in some way moving towards stronger inter-connection and similar goals. However, the opinion on the degree of impact, status and economic viability of several emerging and converging technologies vary...
Artificial Intelligence In Fiction ... Science fiction sometimes focuses on the dangers of artificial intelligence, and sometimes on its positive potential. Myths Even though the term "artificial intelligence" was only bought into popular use in the English language by John McCarthy in 1956, beings created by man have existed in mythology long before their currently imagined embodiment in electronics (and to a lesser extent biochemistry)...
Competitions And Prizes In Artificial Intelligence ... The David E. Rumelhart prize is an annual award for making a "significant contemporary contribution to the theoretical foundations of human cognition"...
History Of Robots ... Chinese accounts relate a history of automata back to the 10th century BC when Yan Shi is credited with making an automaton resembling a human in an account from the Lie Zi text. Western and Eastern civilisations have concepts of artificial servants and companions with a long history...
Artificial Neural Network ... Currently, the term Artificial Neural Network (ANN) tends to refer mostly to neural network models employed in statistics, cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence...
Neural Network ... Artificial intelligence and cognitive modeling try to simulate some properties of biological neural networks... In the artificial intelligence field, artificial neural networks have been applied successfully to speech recognition, image analysis and adaptive control, in order to construct software agents (in computer and video games) or autonomous robots... Most of the currently employed artificial neural networks for artificial intelligence are based on statistical estimations, classification optimization and control theory...
Technological Singularity ... This hypothesized process of intelligent self-modification might occur very quickly, and might not stop until the agent's cognitive abilities greatly surpass that of any human. The term "intelligence explosion" is therefore sometimes used to refer to this scenario...
Automated Planning And Scheduling ... Solutions usually resort to iterative trial and error processes commonly seen in artificial intelligence...
Natural Language Processing ... Whether NLP is distinct from, or identical to, the field of computational linguistics is a matter of perspective. The Association for Computational Linguistics defines the latter as focusing on the theoretical aspects of NLP...
Knowledge Representation And Reasoning ... A key parameter in choosing or creating a KR is its expressivity. The more expressive a KR, the easier and more compact it is to express a fact or element of knowledge within the semantics and grammar of that KR...
History Of Artificial Intelligence ... The field of artificial intelligence research was founded at a conference on the campus of Dartmouth College in the summer of 1956...
Further Reading: Games
Network Performance ... The following list gives examples of Network Performance measures for a circuit-switched network and one type of packet-switched network, viz. ATM: Circuit-switched networks: In circuit switched networks, network performance is synonymous with the grade of service...
Stereoscopy ... Many 3D displays use this method to convey images. It was first invented by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1838...
Perspective (graphical) ... Perspective drawings typically have an -often implied- horizon line. This line, directly opposite the viewer's eye, represents objects infinitely far away...
Internet Access ... Broadband Internet access may give access to Internet services such as: Much faster world wide web browsing Telephony, radio, television and videoconferencing Virtual private networks and remote systems administration Online gaming especially massively multiplayer online role-playing games which are interaction-intensive "Broadband penetration" is now treated as a key economic indicator...
Decision Theory ... Since people usually do not behave in ways consistent with axiomatic rules, often their own, leading to violations of optimality, there is a related area of study, called a positive or descriptive discipline, attempting to describe what people will actually do. Since the normative, optimal decision often creates hypotheses for testing against actual behaviour, the two fields are closely linked...
Linux ... Linux was originally developed as a free operating system for Intel x86-based personal computers. It has since been ported to more computer hardware platforms than any other operating system...
The Arts ... Art is a global activity which encompasses a host of disciplines, as evidenced by the range of words and phrases which have been invented to describe its various forms. Examples of such phraseology include: Fine Arts, Liberal Arts, Visual Arts, Decorative Arts, Applied Arts, Design, Crafts, Performing Arts, and so on...
Digital Rights Management ... The use of digital rights management is controversial. Content providers claim that DRM is necessary to fight copyright infringement online and that it can help the copyright holder maintain artistic control or ensure continued revenue streams...
Toronto ... With over 2.6 million residents, it is the fifth most populous city in North America. Its metropolitan area has over 5.5 million residents...
Head-mounted Display ... Military, police and firefighters use HMDs to display tactical information such as maps or thermal imaging data while viewing the real scene. Recent applications have included the use of HMD for paratroopers...
Website ... A webpage is a document, typically written in plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML, XHTML). A webpage may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors...
Educational Technology ... Newer tools such as "smartphones" and games (both online and offline) are beginning to draw serious attention for their learning potential...
Holography ... The holographic recording itself is not a plain image – it consists of an apparently random structure of either varying intensity, density or profile. Overview and history The Hungarian-British physicist Dennis Gabor (Hungarian name: Gábor Dénes), was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1971 for "for his invention and development of the holographic method"...
Graphics ... Graphics can be functional or artistic. The latter can be a recorded version, such as a photograph, or an interpretation by a scientist to highlight essential features, or an artist, in which case the distinction with imaginary graphics may become blurred...
Ludic Fallacy ... It is a central argument in the book and a rebuttal of the predictive mathematical models used to predict the future – as well as an attack on the idea of applying naïve and simplified statistical models in complex domains. According to Taleb, statistics only work in some domains like casinos in which the odds are visible and defined...
History Of Graphic Design ... Known worldwide by its panda logo, the Switzerland-based World Wildlife Fund (WWF) participates in international efforts to protect endangered species and their habitats. Médecins Sans Frontières, or Doctors Without Borders, is best known for its humanitarian projects in war-torn regions and developing countries facing endemic disease...
Fine Art ... Historically, the five greater fine arts were painting, sculpture, architecture, music and poetry, with minor arts including drama and dancing. Today, the fine arts commonly include the visual art and performing art forms, such as painting, sculpture, collage, decollage, assemblage, installation, calligraphy, music, dance, theatre, architecture, film, photography, conceptual art, and printmaking...
Search Game ... What is the best way to search a stationary target in a graph? A natural strategy is to find a minimal closed curve L that covers all the arcs of the graph. (L is called a Chinese postman tour)...
Computer Graphics ... The development of computer graphics has made computers easier to interact with, and better for understanding and interpreting many types of data. Developments in computer graphics have had a profound impact on many types of media and have revolutionized animation, movies and the video game industry...
Kingfisher Airlines ... Kingfisher Airlines is one of the only seven airlines awarded 5-star rating by Skytrax along with Cathay Pacific, Qatar Airways, Asiana Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, Singapore Airlines, and Hainan Airlines Kingfisher operates 250 daily flights with regional and long-haul international services. In May 2009, Kingfisher Airlines carried more than 1 million passengers, giving it the highest market share among airlines in India...