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Biological Network ... As early as the 1980s, researchers started viewing DNA or genomes as the dynamic storage of a language system with precise computable finite states represented as a finite state machine (Searls, 1993). Recent complex systems research has also suggested some far-reaching commonality in the organization of information in problems from biology, computer science, and physics, such as the Bose–Einstein condensate (a special state of matter, Bianconi and A. L...
Television Network ... In countries where most networks broadcast identical, centrally originated content to all their stations and where most individual TV transmitters therefore operate only as large "repeater stations", the terms "television network", "television channel" (a numeric identifier or radio frequency), and "television station" have become mostly interchangeable in everyday language, with professionals in TV-related occupations continuing to make a difference between them. Within the industry, a tiering is sometimes created among groups of networks based on whether their programming is simultaneously originated from a central point, and whether the network master control has the technical and administrative capability to take-over the programming of their affiliates in real-time when it deems this necessary — the most common example being national breaking news events...
Network Science ... In the 1930s Jacob Moreno, a psychologist in the Gestalt tradition, arrived in the United States. He developed the sociogram and presented it to the public in April 1933 at a convention of medical scholars...
Privacy ... The right not to be subjected to unsanctioned invasion of privacy by the government, corporations or individuals is part of many countries' privacy laws, and in some cases, constitutions. Almost all countries have laws which in some way limit privacy; an example of this would be law concerning taxation, which normally require the sharing of information about personal income or earnings...
Cybernetics ... Chemistry Acid-base reaction theories · Alchemy Analytical chemistry · Astrochemistry Biochemistry · Crystallography Environmental chemistry · Food science Geochemistry · Green chemistry Inorganic chemistry · Materials science Molecular physics · Nuclear chemistry Organic chemistry · Photochemistry Physical chemistry · Radiochemistry Solid-state chemistry · Stereochemistry Supramolecular chemistry Surface science · Theoretical chemistry Astronomy Astrophysics · Cosmology Galactic astronomy · Planetary geology Planetary science · Stellar astronomy. ...
Intel ... Intel was an early developer of SRAM and DRAM memory chips, and this represented the majority of its business until 1981. Although Intel created the world's first commercial microprocessor chip in 1971, it was not until the success of the personal computer (PC) that this became its primary business...
Database Management System ... The Codasyl approach was based on the "manual" navigation of a linked data set which was formed into a large network. When the database was first opened, the program was handed back a link to the first record in the database, which also contained pointers to other pieces of data...
Business Networking ... Business networking can be conducted in a local business community, or on a larger scale via the Internet... Business networking websites have grown over recent years due to the Internet's ability to connect people from all over the world...
Complex Network ... Two well-known and much studied classes of complex networks are scale-free networks and small-world networks, whose discovery and definition are canonical case-studies in the field. Both are characterized by specific structural features—power-law degree distributions for the former and short path lengths and high clustering for the latter...
Representational State Transfer ... Conforming to the REST constraints is generally referred to as being "RESTful". History The REST architectural style was developed in parallel with HTTP/1.1, based on the existing design of HTTP/1.0...
Ubiquitous Computing ... This paradigm is also described as pervasive computing, ambient intelligence., where each term emphasizes slightly different aspects. When primarily concerning the objects involved, it is also physical computing, the Internet of Things, haptic computing, and things that think...
Digital Telephony ... out-of-band signaling the problem of bit-robbing development of SS7 emergence of fiber optic networking allows greater reliability and call capacity transition from plesiochronous transmission to synchronous systems like SONET/SDH optical self-healing ring networks further increase reliability digital/optical systems revolutionize international long-distance networks, particularly undersea cables digital telephone exchanges eliminate moving parts, make exchange equipment much smaller and more reliable separation of exchange and concentrator functions roll-out of digital systems throughout the PSTN provision of intelligent network services digital speech coding and compression speech compression on international digital trunks phone tapping in the digital environment introduction of digital mobile telephony, specialized compression algorithms for high bit error rates direct digital termination to customers via ISDN; PRI catches on, BRI mostly does not, exce...
Radio Network ... The Two-way type of radio network shares many of the same technologies and components as the Broadcast type radio network but is generally set up with fixed broadcast points (transmitters) with co-located receivers and mobile receivers/transmitters or Tran-ceivers. In this way both the fixed and mobile radio units can communicate with each other over broad geographic regions ranging in size from small single cities to entire states/provinces or countries...
Telecommunications Network ... The links connect the nodes together and are themselves built upon an underlying transmission network which physically pushes the message across the link. Examples of telecommunications networks are: computer networks the Internet the telephone network the global Telex network the aeronautical ACARS network Messages and protocols Messages are generated by a sending terminal, then pass through the network of links and nodes until they arrive at the destination terminal...
Computer Network ... Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics such as the medium used to transport the data, communications protocol used, scale, topology, and organizational scope. Communications protocols define the rules and data formats for exchanging information in a computer network, and provide the basis for network programming...
Network Analysis (electrical Circuits) ... A resistive circuit is a circuit containing only resistors, ideal current sources, and ideal voltage sources. If the sources are constant (DC) sources, the result is a DC circuit...
Social Network ... Social networks and the analysis of them is an inherently interdisciplinary academic field which emerged from social psychology, sociology, statistics, and graph theory. Jacob Moreno is credited with developing the first sociograms in the 1930s to study interpersonal relationships as structures in which people were points and the relationships between them were drawn as connecting lines...
Google ... The company offers online productivity software, such as the Gmail email service, the Google Docs office suite, and the Google+ social networking service...
Email ... An email message consists of three components, the message envelope, the message header, and the message body. The message header contains control information, including, minimally, an originator's email address and one or more recipient addresses...
Website ... A webpage is a document, typically written in plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML, XHTML). A webpage may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors...
Flow Network ... The residual capacity of an edge is . This defines a residual network denoted, giving the amount of available capacity...
Network Theory ... It has application in many disciplines including statistical physics, particle physics, computer science, biology, economics, operations research, and sociology. Network theory concerns itself with the study of graphs as a representation of either symmetric relations or, more generally, of asymmetric relations between discrete objects...
Further Reading: News
History Of Google ... A small search engine called "RankDex" from IDD Information Services (a subsidiary of Dow Jones) designed by Robin Li was, since 1996, already exploring a similar strategy for site-scoring and page ranking. The technology in RankDex would be patented and used later when Li founded Baidu in China...
Epidemiology ... The distinction between 'epidemic' and 'endemic' was first drawn by Hippocrates, to distinguish between diseases that are 'visited upon' a population (epidemic) from those that 'reside within' a population (endemic). The term 'epidemiology' appears to have first been used to describe the study of epidemics in 1802 by the Spanish physician Villalba in Epidemiología Española...
Mobile Phone ... In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones...
Stochastic Process ... In the simplest possible case (discrete time), a stochastic process amounts to a sequence of random variables known as a time series (for example, see Markov chain). Another basic type of a stochastic process is a random field, whose domain is a region of space, in other words, a random function whose arguments are drawn from a range of continuously changing values...
Newspaper ... A wide variety of material has been published in newspapers, including editorial opinions, criticism, persuasion and op-eds; obituaries; entertainment features such as crosswords, sudoku and horoscopes; weather news and forecasts; advice, food and other columns; reviews of radio, movies, television, plays and restaurants; classified ads; display ads, radio and television listings, inserts from local merchants, editorial cartoons, gag cartoons and comic strips... History Gazettes and bulletins In China, early government-produced news sheets, called tipao, circulated among court officials during the late Han dynasty (second and third centuries AD)...
Forensic Science ... In modern use, the term "forensics" in the place of "forensic science" can be considered correct as the term "forensic" is effectively a synonym for "legal" or "related to courts". However the term is now so closely associated with the scientific field that many dictionaries include the meaning that equates the word "forensics" with "forensic science"...
Movie Camera ... On June 21 1889, William Fries-Greener was issued patent no. 10131 for his 'chronophotographic' camera...
Sharia ... There are two primary sources of Islamic law: the precepts set forth in the Quran, and the example set by the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the Sunnah. Where it has official status, sharia is interpreted by Islamic judges (qadis) with varying responsibilities for the religious leaders (imams)...
History Of Radio ... Nikola Tesla experimentally demonstrated the transmission and radiation of radio frequency energy in 1892 and 1893 proposing that it might be used for the telecommunication of information. The Tesla method was described in New York in 1897...
Transhumanism ... The contemporary meaning of the term transhumanism was foreshadowed by one of the first professors of futurology, FM-2030, who taught "new concepts of the Human" at The New School of New York City in the 1960s, when he began to identify people who adopt technologies, lifestyles and world views transitional to "posthumanity" as "transhuman". This hypothesis would lay the intellectual groundwork for the British philosopher Max More to begin articulating the principles of transhumanism as a futurist philosophy in 1990, and organizing in California an intelligentsia that has since grown into the worldwide transhumanist movement...
Police State ... The inhabitants of a police state experience restrictions on their mobility, and on their freedom to express or communicate political or other views, which are subject to police monitoring or enforcement. Political control may be exerted by means of a secret police force which operates outside the boundaries normally imposed by a constitutional state...
Innovation ... One prime example is the explosive boom of Silicon startups out of the Stanford Industrial Park. In 1957, dissatisfied employees of Shockley Semiconductor, the company of Nobel laureate and co-inventor of the transistor William Shockley, left to form an independent firm, Fairchild Semiconductor...
Police Misconduct ... Types of misconduct include, false confession, false arrest, falsified evidence, false imprisonment, intimidation, police brutality, police corruption, political repression, racial profiling, sexual abuse, surveillance abuse and off-duty misconduct. Others include: Noble cause corruption, where the officer believes the good outcomes justify bad behavior Selective enforcement (knowledge and allowances of violations by friends, family and/or acquaintances unreported) Abuses of power (using badge or other ID to gain entry into concerts, to get discounts, etc.) Lying under oath (blatant lies under oath and/or to other authorities to cover wrong-doing) Influence of drugs and/or alcohol while on duty Violations by officers of police procedural policies There is a view that police officers share a 'code of silence' and do not turn each other in for misconduct...
Photography ... Photography has many uses for business, science, manufacturing (e.g. photolithography), art, and recreational purposes...
Mobile Phone Features ... The common components found on all phones are: A battery, providing the power source for the phone functions. An input mechanism to allow the user to interact with the phone...