Photography Understanding Film Vs Digital Cameras

Further Reading: Cameras

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Twin-lens Reflex Camera ... History Double-lens cameras were first developed around 1870, due to the realization that having a second lens alongside the taking lens would mean that one could focus without having to keep swapping the ground glass screen for the plate, making the time delay in taking a picture less...

Single-lens Reflex Camera ... Prior to the development of SLR, all cameras with viewfinders had two optical light paths: one path through the lens to the film, and another path positioned above (TLR or twin-lens reflex) or to the side (rangefinder)... Most SLR cameras permit upright and laterally correct viewing through use of a roof pentaprism situated in the optical path between the reflex mirror and viewfinder...

Stereoscopy ... Many 3D displays use this method to convey images. It was first invented by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1838...

Fisheye Lens ... For digital cameras using smaller electronic imagers such as 1/4" and 1/3" format CCD or CMOS sensors, the focal length of "miniature" fisheye lenses can be as short as 1 to 2mm...

Film Format ... Movie film formats See List of film formats Digital camera formats See Image sensor format Still photography film formats Multiple image Designation (A) Type Introduced Discontinued Image size Exposures Comment 101 roll film 1895 1956 3½" × 3½" 102 roll film 1896 1933 1½" × 2" One flange has gear teeth 103 roll film 1896 1949 3¾" × 4¾" 104 roll film 1897 1949 4¾" × 3¾" 105 roll film 1897 1949 2¼" × 3¼" Like 120 film with 116-size flanges 106 for roll holder 1898 1924 3½" × 3½" Roll holder films were wound inside out 107 for roll holder 1898 1924 3¼" × 4¼" 108 for roll holder 1898 1929 4¼" × 3¼" 109 for roll holder 1898 1924 4" × 5" 110 for roll holder 1898 1929 5" × 4" No relation to the later 110 cartridge format for "pocket" cameras... 126 cartridge 1963 2008...

Police Misconduct ... Types of misconduct include, false confession, false arrest, falsified evidence, false imprisonment, intimidation, police brutality, police corruption, political repression, racial profiling, sexual abuse, surveillance abuse and off-duty misconduct. Others include: Noble cause corruption, where the officer believes the good outcomes justify bad behavior Selective enforcement (knowledge and allowances of violations by friends, family and/or acquaintances unreported) Abuses of power (using badge or other ID to gain entry into concerts, to get discounts, etc.) Lying under oath (blatant lies under oath and/or to other authorities to cover wrong-doing) Influence of drugs and/or alcohol while on duty Violations by officers of police procedural policies There is a view that police officers share a 'code of silence' and do not turn each other in for misconduct...

Photographic Lens Design ... For the lens designer, achieving these objectives will also involve ensuring that internal flare, optical aberrations and weight are all reduced to the minimum whilst zoom, focus and aperture functions all operate smoothly and predictably. However, because photographic films and electronic sensors have a finite and measurable resolution, photographic lenses are not always designed for maximum possible resolution since the recording medium would not be able to record the level of detail that the lens could resolve...

Digital Photography ... Until the advent of such technology, photographs were made by exposing light sensitive photographic film, and used chemical photographic processing to develop and stabilize the image. By contrast, digital photographs can be displayed, printed, stored, manipulated, transmitted, and archived using digital and computer techniques, without chemical processing...

Shutter (photography) ... Other mechanisms than the dilating aperture and the sliding curtains have been used; anything which exposes the film to light (for a specified time) will suffice. The time for which a shutter remains open (exposure time) is determined by a timing mechanism...

Photography ... Digital cameras use an electronic image sensor based on light-sensitive electronics such as charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology...

Folding Camera ... Folding cameras were dominant from the beginning of the 20th century to WWII, and medium format folders were produced in USSR until the 1960s... The use of folding cameras began to decline after WWII with the development of the 35mm film format, which allowed the construction of small-sized cameras without use of a bellows...

Color Photography ... In color photography, light-sensitive chemicals or electronic sensors record color information at the time of exposure. This is usually done by analyzing the spectrum of colors into three channels of information, one dominated by red, another by green and the third by blue, in imitation of the way the normal human eye senses color...

Optics ... Most optical phenomena can be accounted for using the classical electromagnetic description of light. Complete electromagnetic descriptions of light are, however, often difficult to apply in practice...

Movie Camera ... On June 21 1889, William Fries-Greener was issued patent no. 10131 for his 'chronophotographic' camera...

Camera Lens ... While in principle a simple convex lens will suffice, in practice a compound lens made up of a number of optical lens elements is required to correct (as much as possible) the many optical aberrations that arise. Some aberrations will be present in any lens system...

History Of Photography ... Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965–1040) studied the camera obscura and pinhole camera, Albertus Magnus (1193/1206–80) discovered silver nitrate, and Georges Fabricius (1516–71) discovered silver chloride. Daniel Barbaro described a diaphragm in 1568...

Film Crew ... Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. Crew are also separate from producers, those who own a portion of either the film company or the film's intellectual property rights...

View Camera ... The bellows is a flexible, accordion-pleated box, which encloses the space between the lens and film, and has the ability to flex to accommodate the movements of the standards. The front standard is a board at the front of the camera which holds the lens and, usually, a shutter...

Further Reading: Photography

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Environmentalism ... In Victorian Britain, an early "Back-to-Nature" movement that anticipated modern environmentalism was advocated by intellectuals such as John Ruskin, William Morris and Edward Carpenter, who were all against consumerism, pollution and other activities that were harmful to the natural world. Their ideas also inspired various proto-environmental groups in the UK, such as the Commons Preservation Society, the Kyrle Society, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and the Garden city movement, as well as encouraging the Socialist League and The Clarion movement to advocate measures of nature conservation...

Forensic Science ... In modern use, the term "forensics" in the place of "forensic science" can be considered correct as the term "forensic" is effectively a synonym for "legal" or "related to courts". However the term is now so closely associated with the scientific field that many dictionaries include the meaning that equates the word "forensics" with "forensic science"...

Telephoto Lens ... Telephoto lenses are sometimes broken into the further sub-types of medium telephoto: lenses covering between a 30° and 10° field of view (85mm to 135mm in 35mm film format), and super telephoto: lenses covering between 8° through less than 1° field of view (over 300mm in 35mm film format). Construction If a camera lens were to be constructed from a single lens of 500 mm focal length, then when the lens is focused on an object at infinity, the lens will be 500 mm away from the focal plane where the film or sensor is...

Painting ... Painting is a mode of creative expression, and the forms are numerous. Drawing, composition or abstraction and other aesthetics may serve to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner...

Fine Art ... Historically, the five greater fine arts were painting, sculpture, architecture, music and poetry, with minor arts including drama and dancing. Today, the fine arts commonly include the visual art and performing art forms, such as painting, sculpture, collage, decollage, assemblage, installation, calligraphy, music, dance, theatre, architecture, film, photography, conceptual art, and printmaking...

Photo Manipulation ... Creative retouching could be manipulation for fashion, beauty or advertising photography such as pack-shots (which could also be considered inherently technical retouching in regards to package dimensions and wrap-around factors) One of the most prominent disciplines in creative retouching is image-compositing... This kind of image composition is widely used when conventional photography would be technically too difficult or impossible to shoot on location or in studio...

Public Transport ... Public transport modes include buses, trolleybuses, trams and trains, rapid transit (metro/subways/undergrounds etc) and ferries. Public transport between cities is dominated by airlines, coaches, and intercity rail...

Graphics ... Graphics can be functional or artistic. The latter can be a recorded version, such as a photograph, or an interpretation by a scientist to highlight essential features, or an artist, in which case the distinction with imaginary graphics may become blurred...

Holography ... The holographic recording itself is not a plain image – it consists of an apparently random structure of either varying intensity, density or profile. Overview and history The Hungarian-British physicist Dennis Gabor (Hungarian name: Gábor Dénes), was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1971 for "for his invention and development of the holographic method"...