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Film ... It is produced by recording photographic images with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or visual effects. The process of filmmaking has developed into an art form and industry. Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them...

Mobile Phone Features ... The common components found on all phones are: A battery, providing the power source for the phone functions. An input mechanism to allow the user to interact with the phone...

Color Photography ... In color photography, light-sensitive chemicals or electronic sensors record color information at the time of exposure. This is usually done by analyzing the spectrum of colors into three channels of information, one dominated by red, another by green and the third by blue, in imitation of the way the normal human eye senses color...

Machine Vision ... MV implementations also have used digital cameras capable of direct connections (without a framegrabber) to a computer via FireWire, USB or Gigabit Ethernet interfaces...

Photography ... Digital cameras use an electronic image sensor based on light-sensitive electronics such as charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology...

Digital Photography ... Until the advent of such technology, photographs were made by exposing light sensitive photographic film, and used chemical photographic processing to develop and stabilize the image. By contrast, digital photographs can be displayed, printed, stored, manipulated, transmitted, and archived using digital and computer techniques, without chemical processing...

Photographic Lens Design ... For the lens designer, achieving these objectives will also involve ensuring that internal flare, optical aberrations and weight are all reduced to the minimum whilst zoom, focus and aperture functions all operate smoothly and predictably. However, because photographic films and electronic sensors have a finite and measurable resolution, photographic lenses are not always designed for maximum possible resolution since the recording medium would not be able to record the level of detail that the lens could resolve...

Fisheye Lens ... For digital cameras using smaller electronic imagers such as 1/4" and 1/3" format CCD or CMOS sensors, the focal length of "miniature" fisheye lenses can be as short as 1 to 2mm...

Film Format ... Movie film formats See List of film formats Digital camera formats See Image sensor format Still photography film formats Multiple image Designation (A) Type Introduced Discontinued Image size Exposures Comment 101 roll film 1895 1956 3½" × 3½" 102 roll film 1896 1933 1½" × 2" One flange has gear teeth 103 roll film 1896 1949 3¾" × 4¾" 104 roll film 1897 1949 4¾" × 3¾" 105 roll film 1897 1949 2¼" × 3¼" Like 120 film with 116-size flanges 106 for roll holder 1898 1924 3½" × 3½" Roll holder films were wound inside out 107 for roll holder 1898 1924 3¼" × 4¼" 108 for roll holder 1898 1929 4¼" × 3¼" 109 for roll holder 1898 1924 4" × 5" 110 for roll holder 1898 1929 5" × 4" No relation to the later 110 cartridge format for "pocket" cameras... 126 cartridge 1963 2008...

Medium Format (film) ... In digital photography, medium format refers either to cameras adapted from medium format film photography uses, or to cameras making use of sensors larger than that of a 35 mm film frame... Often, medium format film cameras can be fitted with digital camera backs, converting them to digital cameras, but some of these digital backs, especially early models, use sensors smaller than a 35 mm film frame... As of 2006, medium format digital photography sensors were available in sizes of up to 36 by 48 mm, with 39 million pixels for use with commonly available professional medium format cameras...

Camera ... Cameras may work with the light of the visible spectrum or with other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum... A majority of cameras have a lens positioned in front of the camera's opening to gather the incoming light and focus all or part of the image on the recording surface... The diameter of the aperture is often controlled by a diaphragm mechanism, but some cameras have a fixed-size aperture...

Full-spectrum Photography ... Modified digital cameras can detect some ultraviolet, all of the visible and much of the near infrared spectrum, as most digital imaging sensors are sensitive from about 350nm to 1000nm...

Single-lens Reflex Camera ... Prior to the development of SLR, all cameras with viewfinders had two optical light paths: one path through the lens to the film, and another path positioned above (TLR or twin-lens reflex) or to the side (rangefinder)... Most SLR cameras permit upright and laterally correct viewing through use of a roof pentaprism situated in the optical path between the reflex mirror and viewfinder...

Optics ... Most optical phenomena can be accounted for using the classical electromagnetic description of light. Complete electromagnetic descriptions of light are, however, often difficult to apply in practice...

Independent Film ... Because of this, a number of filmmakers responded by building their own cameras and moving their operations to Hollywood, California, where the distance from Edison's home base of New Jersey made it more difficult for the MPPC to enforce its patents...

Shutter (photography) ... Other mechanisms than the dilating aperture and the sliding curtains have been used; anything which exposes the film to light (for a specified time) will suffice. The time for which a shutter remains open (exposure time) is determined by a timing mechanism...

Twin-lens Reflex Camera ... History Double-lens cameras were first developed around 1870, due to the realization that having a second lens alongside the taking lens would mean that one could focus without having to keep swapping the ground glass screen for the plate, making the time delay in taking a picture less...

Folding Camera ... Folding cameras were dominant from the beginning of the 20th century to WWII, and medium format folders were produced in USSR until the 1960s... The use of folding cameras began to decline after WWII with the development of the 35mm film format, which allowed the construction of small-sized cameras without use of a bellows...

International Space Station ... The ISS serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology and other fields. The station is suited for the testing of spacecraft systems and equipment required for missions to the Moon and Mars...

Camera Lens ... While in principle a simple convex lens will suffice, in practice a compound lens made up of a number of optical lens elements is required to correct (as much as possible) the many optical aberrations that arise. Some aberrations will be present in any lens system...

Stereoscopy ... Many 3D displays use this method to convey images. It was first invented by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1838...

List Of Telescope Types ... Telescopes can be classified by optical design, such as refracting telescopes. Telescopes can also be classified by where they are placed, such as space telescopes...

History Of Photography ... Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965–1040) studied the camera obscura and pinhole camera, Albertus Magnus (1193/1206–80) discovered silver nitrate, and Georges Fabricius (1516–71) discovered silver chloride. Daniel Barbaro described a diaphragm in 1568...

Box Camera ... Etienne Carjat (1828–1906) another French photographer created "le Phobus'" around the late 1870s. It was a simple mahogany box camera...