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Ancient Egyptian Literature ... Scripts, media, and languages Hieroglyphs, hieratic, and Demotic Ancient Egyptian culture Architecture Art Cuisine Dance Fashion Literature By the Early Dynastic Period in the late 4th millennium BC, Egyptian hieroglyphs and their cursive form hieratic were well-established written scripts...
Common Law ... In practice, common law systems are considerably more complicated than the simplified system described above. The decisions of a court are binding only in a particular jurisdiction, and even within a given jurisdiction, some courts have more power than others...
Microarchitecture ... The microarchitecture of a machine is usually represented as (more or less detailed) diagrams that describe the interconnections of the various microarchitectural elements of the machine, which may be everything from single gates and registers, to complete arithmetic logic units (ALU) and even larger elements. These diagrams generally separate the datapath (where data is placed) and the control path (which can be said to steer the data)...
Conflict Of Laws ... The term conflict of laws itself originates from situations where the ultimate outcome of a legal dispute depended upon which law applied, and the common law courts manner of resolving the conflict between those laws. In civil law, lawyers and legal scholars refer to conflict of laws as private international law...
Child Labour ... In many developed countries, it is considered inappropriate or exploitative if a child below a certain age works (excluding household chores, in a family shop, or school-related work). An employer is usually not permitted to hire a child below a certain minimum age...
Fashion ... The beginnings of the habit in Europe of continual and increasingly rapid change in clothing styles can be fairly reliably dated to the middle of the 14th century, to which historians including James Laver and Fernand Braudel date the start of Western fashion in clothing... Art historians are therefore able to use fashion in dating images with increasing confidence and precision, often within five years in the case of 15th century images... Initially changes in fashion led to a fragmentation of what had previously been very similar styles of dressing across the upper classes of Europe, and the development of distinctive national styles...
History Of Graphic Design ... Known worldwide by its panda logo, the Switzerland-based World Wildlife Fund (WWF) participates in international efforts to protect endangered species and their habitats. Médecins Sans Frontières, or Doctors Without Borders, is best known for its humanitarian projects in war-torn regions and developing countries facing endemic disease...
DNA ... DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds. These two strands run in opposite directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel...
Further Reading: Innovation
Transhumanism ... The contemporary meaning of the term transhumanism was foreshadowed by one of the first professors of futurology, FM-2030, who taught "new concepts of the Human" at The New School of New York City in the 1960s, when he began to identify people who adopt technologies, lifestyles and world views transitional to "posthumanity" as "transhuman". This hypothesis would lay the intellectual groundwork for the British philosopher Max More to begin articulating the principles of transhumanism as a futurist philosophy in 1990, and organizing in California an intelligentsia that has since grown into the worldwide transhumanist movement...
Innovation ... Organizations In the organizational context, innovation may be linked to positive changes in efficiency, productivity, quality, competitiveness, market share, and others... In the simplest linear model of innovation the traditionally recognized source is manufacturer innovation... This is where an agent (person or company) develops an innovation for their own (personal or in-house) use because existing products do not meet their needs...
Intellectual Property ... Although many of the legal principles governing intellectual property have evolved over centuries, it was not until the 19th century that the term intellectual property began to be used, and not until the late 20th century that it became commonplace in the majority of the world. The British Statute of Anne 1710 and the Statute of Monopolies 1623 are now seen as the origins of copyright and patent law respectively...
Science ... In modern use, "science" more often refers to a way of pursuing knowledge, not only the knowledge itself. It is "often treated as synonymous with ‘natural and physical science’, and thus restricted to those branches of study that relate to the phenomena of the material universe and their laws, sometimes with implied exclusion of pure mathematics...
Diffusion Of Innovations ... That is, diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system... During communication, the idea is rarely evaluated from a scientific standpoint; rather, subjective perceptions of the innovation influence diffusion... Finally, social systems determine diffusion, norms on diffusion, roles of opinion leaders and change agents, types of innovation decisions, and innovation consequences...
Intel ... Intel was an early developer of SRAM and DRAM memory chips, and this represented the majority of its business until 1981. Although Intel created the world's first commercial microprocessor chip in 1971, it was not until the success of the personal computer (PC) that this became its primary business...
Software Patent ... Important issues concerning software patents include: Where the boundary between patentable and non-patentable software should lie; Whether the inventive step and non-obviousness requirement is applied too loosely to software; and Whether patents covering software discourage, rather than encourage, innovation...
Technology ... The human species' use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment...
Kalman Filter ... The Kalman filter has numerous applications in technology. A common application is for guidance, navigation and control of vehicles, particularly aircraft and spacecraft...
Photographic Lens Design ... For the lens designer, achieving these objectives will also involve ensuring that internal flare, optical aberrations and weight are all reduced to the minimum whilst zoom, focus and aperture functions all operate smoothly and predictably. However, because photographic films and electronic sensors have a finite and measurable resolution, photographic lenses are not always designed for maximum possible resolution since the recording medium would not be able to record the level of detail that the lens could resolve...
Competition Law ... The history of competition law reaches back to the Roman Empire. The business practices of market traders, guilds and governments have always been subject to scrutiny, and sometimes severe sanctions...
Patent ... The procedure for granting patents, the requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements. Typically, however, a patent application must include one or more claims defining the invention which must meet the relevant patentability requirements such as novelty and non-obviousness...
Technological Singularity ... This hypothesized process of intelligent self-modification might occur very quickly, and might not stop until the agent's cognitive abilities greatly surpass that of any human. The term "intelligence explosion" is therefore sometimes used to refer to this scenario...
Etching ... The plate is then put through a high-pressure printing press together with a sheet of paper (often moistened to soften it). The paper picks up the ink from the etched lines, making a print...
Impact Of Nanotechnology ... Impact of Nanotechnology Health impact Environmental impact Societal impact Applications Regulation See also Nanotechnology Part of a series of articles on Nanotechnology History Impact Applications Regulation Organizations Popular culture Outline Nanomaterials Fullerenes Carbon nanotubes Nanoparticles Nanomedicine Nanotoxicology Nanosensor Nanobiotechnology Molecular self-assembly Self-assembled monolayer Supramolecular assembly DNA nanotechnology Nanoelectronics Molecular scale electronics Nanolithography Scanning probe microscopy Atomic force microscope Scanning tunneling microscope Molecular nanotechnology Molecular assembler Nanorobotics Mechanosynthesis Nanofoundry Nanoreactor Nanotechnology Portal The impact of nanotechnology extend from its medical, ethical, mental, legal and environmental a...
Regulation Of Nanotechnology ... Impact of Nanotechnology Health impact Environmental impact Societal impact Applications Regulation See also Nanotechnology Part of a series of articles on Nanotechnology History Impact Applications Regulation Organizations Popular culture Outline Nanomaterials Fullerenes Carbon nanotubes Nanoparticles Nanomedicine Nanotoxicology Nanosensor Nanobiotechnology Molecular self-assembly Self-assembled monolayer Supramolecular assembly DNA nanotechnology Nanoelectronics Molecular scale electronics Nanolithography Scanning probe microscopy Atomic force microscope Scanning tunneling microscope Molecular nanotechnology Molecular assembler Nanorobotics Mechanosynthesis Nanofoundry Nanoreactor Nanotechnology Portal Because of the ongoing controversy on the implications of nanotechnology, there is significant d...
Emerging Technologies ... Emerging technologies are those technical innovations which represent progressive developments within a field for competitive advantage; converging technologies represent previously distinct fields which are in some way moving towards stronger inter-connection and similar goals. However, the opinion on the degree of impact, status and economic viability of several emerging and converging technologies vary...
History Of Biotechnology ... Yet the formation of a new field, genetic engineering, would soon bring biotechnology to the forefront of science in society, and the intimate relationship between the scientific community, the public, and the government would ensue. These debates gained exposure in 1975 at the Asilomar Conference, where Joshua Lederberg was the most outspoken supporter for this emerging field in biotechnology...
Innovation Economics ... Historical origins If Adam Smith is the patron saint of classical economics and Keynes of Keynesian economics, it is Joseph Schumpeter who is the patron saint of innovation economics, especially with his classic 1942 book Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy... But it is only within the last 15 years that a theory and narrative of economic growth focused on innovation that was grounded in Schumpeter’s ideas has emerged... Innovation economics attempted to answer the fundamental problem in the puzzle of total factor productivity growth...
Productivity Improving Technologies (historical) ... Mining and metal refining technologies played a key role in technological progress. Much of our understanding of fundamental chemistry evolved from ore smelting and refining, with De Re Metallica being the leading chemistry text for 180 years...
Social Network ... Social networks and the analysis of them is an inherently interdisciplinary academic field which emerged from social psychology, sociology, statistics, and graph theory. Jacob Moreno is credited with developing the first sociograms in the 1930s to study interpersonal relationships as structures in which people were points and the relationships between them were drawn as connecting lines...
Medieval Technology ... The development of water mills from its ancient origins was impressive, and extended from agriculture to sawmills both for timber and stone. By the time of the Domesday Book, most large villages had turnable mills, around 6,500 in England alone...