Apple Computers of Yesterday and Today

Further Reading: Apple

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Raw Foodism ... Depending on the type of lifestyle and results desired, raw food diets may include a selection of raw fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds (including sprouted whole grains such as gaba rice), eggs, fish (such as sashimi), meat (such as carpaccio), and non-pasteurized/non-homogenized dairy products (such as raw milk, raw milk cheese, and raw milk yogurt). Varieties of raw foodism Raw foodism can include any diet of primarily unheated food, or food cooked to a temperature less than 40 °C (104 °F) to 46 °C (115 °F)...

List Of Apple Cultivars ... Table apples Commom name Origin First developed Comment Use Adams Pearmain England, United Kingdom 1826 A dessert apple... Eating Airlie Red Flesh (Hidden Rose, Aerlie's Red Flesh) Airlie, Oregon, United States 1970 (apx.) A large, conic apple...

Utility ... The doctrine of utilitarianism saw the maximization of utility as a moral criterion for the organization of society. According to utilitarians, such as Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873), society should aim to maximize the total utility of individuals, aiming for "the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people"...

Atom ... The name atom comes from the Greek ἄτομος (atomos, "indivisible") from ἀ- (a-, "not") and τέμνω (temnō, "I cut"), which means uncuttable, or indivisible, something that cannot be divided further. The concept of an atom as an indivisible component of matter was first proposed by early Indian and Greek philosophers...

Apple ... Botanical information The apple forms a tree that is small and deciduous, reaching 3 to 12 metres (9.8 to 39 ft) tall, with a broad, often densely twiggy crown... Genome In 2010, an Italian-led consortium announced they had decoded the complete genome of the apple in collaboration with horticultural genomicists at Washington State University, using the Golden delicious variety... This new understanding of the apple genome will help scientists in identifying genes and gene variants that contribute to disease and drought resistance and other desirable characteristics...

Speech Recognition ... Speech recognition applications include voice user interfaces such as voice dialing (e.g., "Call home"), call routing (e.g., "I would like to make a collect call"), domotic appliance control, search (e.g., find a podcast where particular words were spoken), simple data entry (e.g., entering a credit card number), preparation of structured documents (e.g., a radiology report), speech-to-text processing (e.g., word processors or emails), and aircraft (usually termed Direct Voice Input). The term voice recognition refers to finding the identity of "who" is speaking, rather than what they are saying...

List Of Apple Diseases ... alternata apple pathotype Alternaria rot Alternaria alternata American brown rot Monilinia fructicola Anthracnose canker and bull's-eye rot Pezicula malicorticus Cryptosporiopsis curvispora Apple scab Venturia inaequalis Spilocaea pomi Apple ring rot and canker Botryosphaeria berengeriana = Physalospora Armillaria root rot = shoestring root rot Armillaria mellea Bitter rot Glomerella cingulata Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Colletotrichum acutatum Black pox Helminthosporium papulosum Black root rot Xylaria mali Xylaria polymorpha Black rot, frogeye leafspot and canker Botryosphaeria obtusa Sphaeropsis malorum Blister canker = nailhead canker Biscogniauxia marginata = Nummularia discreta Blue mold Penicillium spp... Phytophthora cactorum Phytophthora cambivora Phytophthora cryptogea Phytophthora megasperma Phytophthora syringae Phytophthora fruit rot Phytophthora cactorum Phyt...

Malus Sieversii ... Its fruit is the largest of any species of Malus, up to 7 cm diameter, equal in size to many modern apple cultivars... A third species that has been thought to have made contributions to the genome of the domestic apples is Malus baccata, but there is no hard evidence for this in older apple cultivars...

Further Reading: Computers

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Electronics ... Electronics is distinct from electrical and electro-mechanical science and technology, which deals with the generation, distribution, switching, storage and conversion of electrical energy to and from other energy forms using wires, motors, generators, batteries, switches, relays, transformers, resistors and other passive components. This distinction started around 1906 with the invention by Lee De Forest of the triode, which made electrical amplification of weak radio signals and audio signals possible with a non-mechanical device...

Search Engine Technology ... Some search engines go through the indexing process every few weeks and refresh the complete index used for web search requests while others keep updating small fragments of the index continuously. Before web pages can be indexed, an algorithm decides which node (a server in a distributed service) will index any given page and makes the information available as metadata for other components in the search engine...

History Of Chemistry ... Early attempts to explain the nature of matter and its transformations failed. The protoscience of chemistry, Alchemy, was also unsuccessful in explaining the nature of matter...

Cryptanalysis ... Even though the goal has been the same, the methods and techniques of cryptanalysis have changed drastically through the history of cryptography, adapting to increasing cryptographic complexity, ranging from the pen-and-paper methods of the past, through machines like Bombes and Colossus computers at Bletchley Park in World War II, to the computer-based schemes of the present...

Federated Database System ... McLeod and Heimbigner were among the first to define a federated database system, as one which "define the architecture and interconnect databases that minimize central authority yet support partial sharing and coordination among database systems". Through data abstraction, federated database systems can provide a uniform user interface, enabling users and clients to store and retrieve data in multiple noncontiguous databases with a single query -- even if the constituent databases are heterogeneous...

Mobile Phone ... In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones...

Mobile Device ... Early pocket sized ones were joined in the late 2000s by larger but otherwise similar tablet computers... Types Mobile devices have been designed for many applications and include: Mobile computers Mobile collaboration Mobile internet device Mobile Web Smartphone, Tablet computer Personal digital assistant/enterprise digital assistant Calculator Handheld game console Portable media player Digital still camera (DSC) Digital video camera (DVC or digital camcorder) Mobile phone Smartphone, Feature phone Pager Personal navigation device (PND) Tablet computer Uses Handheld devices have become ruggedized for use in mobile field management...

Cryptography ... Cryptography prior to the modern age was effectively synonymous with encryption, the conversion of information from a readable state to apparent nonsense. The originator of an encrypted message shared the decoding technique needed to recover the original information only with intended recipients, thereby precluding unwanted persons to do the same...

Music ... The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context. Music ranges from strictly organized compositions (and their recreation in performance), through improvisational music to aleatoric forms...

Information Technology ... Technological capacity and growth Hilbert and Lopez identify the exponential pace of technological change (a kind of Moore's law): machines’ application-specific capacity to compute information per capita has roughly doubled every 14 months between 1986-2007; the per capita capacity of the world’s general-purpose computers has doubled every 18 months during the same two decades; the global telecommunication capacity per capita doubled every 34 months; the world’s storage capacity per capita required roughly 40 months to double (every 3 years); and per capita broadcast information has doubled roughly every 12.3 years...

History Of Technology ... Technological artifacts are products of an economy, a force for economic growth, and a large part of everyday life. Technological innovations affect, and are affected by, a society's cultural traditions...

Natural Language Processing ... Whether NLP is distinct from, or identical to, the field of computational linguistics is a matter of perspective. The Association for Computational Linguistics defines the latter as focusing on the theoretical aspects of NLP...

Machine Learning ... In addition to performance bounds, computational learning theorists study the time complexity and feasibility of learning. In computational learning theory, a computation is considered feasible if it can be done in polynomial time...

Linux ... It is a leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers and supercomputers: more than 90% of today's top 500 supercomputers run some variant of Linux, including the 10 fastest...

Robotics ... The concept and creation of machines that could operate autonomously dates back to classical times, but research into the functionality and potential uses of robots did not grow substantially until the 20th century. Today, robotics is a rapidly growing field, as we continue to research, design, and build new robots that serve various practical purposes, whether domestically, commercially, or militarily...

Database ... The term database is correctly applied to the data and their supporting data structures, and not to the database management system (DBMS). The database data collection with DBMS is called a database system...

Graphics ... Graphics can be functional or artistic. The latter can be a recorded version, such as a photograph, or an interpretation by a scientist to highlight essential features, or an artist, in which case the distinction with imaginary graphics may become blurred...

History Of Robots ... Chinese accounts relate a history of automata back to the 10th century BC when Yan Shi is credited with making an automaton resembling a human in an account from the Lie Zi text. Western and Eastern civilisations have concepts of artificial servants and companions with a long history...

Grid Computing ... Grids are a form of distributed computing whereby a “super virtual computer” is composed of many networked loosely coupled computers acting together to perform very large tasks... For certain applications, “distributed” or “grid” computing, can be seen as a special type of parallel computing that relies on complete computers (with onboard CPUs, storage, power supplies, network interfaces, etc.) connected to a network (private, public or the Internet) by a conventional network interface, such as Ethernet... Overview Grid computing combines computers from multiple administrative domains to reach a common goal, to solve a single task, and may then disappear just as quickly...

Engineering ... The American Engineers' Council for Professional Development (ECPD, the predecessor of ABET) has defined "engineering" as: The creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behavior under specific operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation and safety to life and property.. ...