Smart Phone Software and Hardware Patents Could Change The Dynamic of The Industry

Further Reading: Hardware

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Supercomputer ... Systems with a massive number of processors generally take one of two paths: in one approach, e.g. in grid computing the processing power of a large number of computers in distributed, diverse administrative domains, is opportunistically used whenever a computer is available...

Linux Adoption ... 2007 Dell announced it would ship select models with Ubuntu Linux pre-installed ZaReason is founded as a Linux only hardware OEM... Never mind that, while Windows 7 is a good operating system, Windows 7 is awful on netbooks." In May 2009, Fedora developer Jef Spaleta estimated on the basis of IP addresses of update downloads and statistics from the voluntary user hardware registration service Smolt that there are 16 million Fedora systems in use... Linux adopters Types of hardware platforms Linux is used on desktop computers, servers and supercomputers, as well as a wide range of devices...

Hardware ... Household hardware is typically sold in hardware stores. Types of tools Cleaning tools Broom Brush Feather duster Floor buffer Hataki Ice resurfacer Mop Mop bucket cart Needlegun scaler Pipe cleaner Pressure washer Sponge Squeegee Steam mop Tawashi Vacuum cleaner Cutting and abrasive tools Blade Bolt cutter Broach Ceramic tile cutter Chisel Coping saw Countersink Diamond blade Diamond tool Draw knife Drill bit Emery cloth File Fretsaw Froe Glass cutter Grater Grinding wheel Hand saw Knife Miter saw Nail clipper Pipecutter Plane Pocket knife Rasp Razor Reamer Sandpaper Saw Scalpel Scissors Steel wool Surform Switchblade Utility knife Water jet cutter Wire brush Wire cutter Wire stripper Garden tools Adze Axe Baling hook Billhook Bow saw Chainsaw Cultivator Earth auger Edger Garden fork Garden hose Gard...

Disk Mirroring ... In a Disaster Recovery context, mirroring data over long distance is referred to as storage replication. Depending on the technologies used, replication can be performed synchronously, asynchronously, semi-synchronously, or point-in-time...

Supercomputer Operating Systems ... While in a traditional multi-user computer system job scheduling is in effect a tasking problem for processing and peripheral resources, in a massively parallel system, the job management system needs to manage the allocation of both computational and communication resources, as well as gracefully dealing with inevitable hardware failures when tens of thousands of processors are present...

Intel ... Intel was an early developer of SRAM and DRAM memory chips, and this represented the majority of its business until 1981. Although Intel created the world's first commercial microprocessor chip in 1971, it was not until the success of the personal computer (PC) that this became its primary business...

History Of Artificial Intelligence ... The seeds of modern AI were planted by classical philosophers who attempted to describe the process of human thinking as the mechanical manipulation of symbols. This work culminated in the invention of the programmable digital computer in the 1940s, a machine based on the abstract essence of mathematical reasoning...

IBM ... The company was founded in 1911 as the Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation through a merger of three companies: the Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, and the Computing Scale Corporation. CTR adopted the name International Business Machines in 1924, using a name previously designated to CTR's subsidiary in Canada and later South America...

History Of Technology ... History of technology By technological eras Neolithic Revolution Renaissance technology British Agricultural Revolution Industrial Revolution Second Industrial Revolution Atomic Age Jet Age Space Age Information Age By historical regions Ancient Egypt Ancient India Ancient China Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Byzantine Empire Medieval Europe Medieval Islamic world By type of technology History of biotechnology History of communication History of computer hardware History of electrical engineering History of materials science History of measurement History of medicine History of nuclear technology History of transport Technology timelines Timeline of historic inventions Complete list Outlines Outline of technology Outline of prehistoric technology Measuring technological progress Many sociologists and anthropologists have created social theories dealing...

Software Testing ... Software testing can be stated as the process of validating and verifying that a software program/application/product: meets the requirements that guided its design and development; works as expected; and can be implemented with the same characteristics. Software testing, depending on the testing method employed, can be implemented at any time in the development process...

Computer Network ... Well-known communications protocols are Ethernet, a hardware and Link Layer standard that is ubiquitous in local area networks, and the Internet Protocol Suite, which defines a set of protocols for internetworking, i.e...

Software Engineer ... The BLS classifies all other engineering disciplines, including computer hardware engineers, as "engineers"...

Machine Vision ... The imaging device (e.g. camera) can either be separate from the main image processing unit or combined with it in which case the combination is generally called a smart camera or smart sensor...

Virtual Reality ... The development of CAD software, graphics hardware acceleration, head mounted displays, database gloves, and miniaturization have helped popularize the notion...

Artificial Intelligence ... The field was founded on the claim that a central property of humans, intelligence—the sapience of Homo sapiens—can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine. This raises philosophical issues about the nature of the mind and the ethics of creating artificial beings, issues which have been addressed by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity...

Database ... The term database is correctly applied to the data and their supporting data structures, and not to the database management system (DBMS). The database data collection with DBMS is called a database system...

Digital Rights Management ... For devices this means restricting the consumers on what hardware can be used with the device or what software can be run on it...

Subscriber Identity Module ... A SIM is embedded into a removable SIM card, which can be transferred between different mobile devices. SIM cards were first made the same size as a credit card (85.60 mm × 53.98 mm × 0.76 mm)...

Robotics ... The concept and creation of machines that could operate autonomously dates back to classical times, but research into the functionality and potential uses of robots did not grow substantially until the 20th century. Today, robotics is a rapidly growing field, as we continue to research, design, and build new robots that serve various practical purposes, whether domestically, commercially, or militarily...

Linux ... Linux was originally developed as a free operating system for Intel x86-based personal computers. It has since been ported to more computer hardware platforms than any other operating system...

Electronic Design Automation ... This article describes EDA specifically with respect to integrated circuits. History Early days Before EDA, integrated circuits were designed by hand, and manually laid out...

Software Patent ... There is intense debate over the extent to which software patents should be granted, if at all. Important issues concerning software patents include: Where the boundary between patentable and non-patentable software should lie; Whether the inventive step and non-obviousness requirement is applied too loosely to software; and Whether patents covering software discourage, rather than encourage, innovation...

System Software ... Device drivers such as computer BIOS and device firmware provide basic functionality to operate and control the hardware connected to or built into the computer...

Grid Computing ... Grid size can vary by a considerable amount. Grids are a form of distributed computing whereby a “super virtual computer” is composed of many networked loosely coupled computers acting together to perform very large tasks...

Further Reading: Patents

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Intellectual Property ... "The history of patents does not begin with inventions, but rather with royal grants by Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603) for monopoly privileges...

Technological Singularity ... This hypothesized process of intelligent self-modification might occur very quickly, and might not stop until the agent's cognitive abilities greatly surpass that of any human. The term "intelligence explosion" is therefore sometimes used to refer to this scenario...

Patent Pending ... The marking of an article has a legal effect under Section 123 of the Patents Act 1990 with the result that a defendant is taken to be aware of the existence of patent rights...

Innovation ... One prime example is the explosive boom of Silicon startups out of the Stanford Industrial Park. In 1957, dissatisfied employees of Shockley Semiconductor, the company of Nobel laureate and co-inventor of the transistor William Shockley, left to form an independent firm, Fairchild Semiconductor...

Software Patent Debate ... Arguments for patentability There are several arguments commonly given in defense of software patents or in defense of the patentability of computer-implemented inventions... Constitution mandates that patent law promote "the progress of science and useful arts." Supporters of software patents argue that inventions in the software arts are useful to modern life and therefore deserve the same incentive provided for inventions in other useful arts (i.e., to promote investment in research and development)... Thus patents accelerate software development by making previously unknown and not obvious software inventions public...

Patent ... Under the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, patents should be available in WTO member states for any inventions, in all fields of technology, and the term of protection available should be a minimum of twenty years...

Patent Application ... The EPO grants patents which can take effect in some or all countries contracting to the European Patent Convention (EPC), following a single application process...

PageRank ... The name "PageRank" is a trademark of Google, and the PageRank process has been patented (U. S. Patent 6,285,999)...

Impact Of Nanotechnology ... Impact of Nanotechnology Health impact Environmental impact Societal impact Applications Regulation See also Nanotechnology Part of a series of articles on Nanotechnology History Impact Applications Regulation Organizations Popular culture Outline Nanomaterials Fullerenes Carbon nanotubes Nanoparticles Nanomedicine Nanotoxicology Nanosensor Nanobiotechnology Molecular self-assembly Self-assembled monolayer Supramolecular assembly DNA nanotechnology Nanoelectronics Molecular scale electronics Nanolithography Scanning probe microscopy Atomic force microscope Scanning tunneling microscope Molecular nanotechnology Molecular assembler Nanorobotics Mechanosynthesis Nanofoundry Nanoreactor Nanotechnology Portal The impact of nanotechnology extend from its medical, ethical, mental, legal and environmental a...

Genetically Modified Food ... Genetically Modified foods (GM foods) were first put on the market in 1996. Typically, genetically modified foods are transgenic plant products: soybean, corn, canola, rice, and cotton seed oil...

Wireless Telegraphy ... Wireless telegraphy originated as a term to describe electrical signaling without the electric wires to connect the end points. The intent was to distinguish it from the conventional electric telegraph signaling of the day that required wire connection between the end points...

Wireless Energy Transfer ... The most common form of wireless power transmission is carried out using direct induction followed by resonant magnetic induction. Other methods under consideration include electromagnetic radiation in the form of microwaves or lasers...

History Of The Telephone ... A different device, the tin can telephone, or 'lover's phone', has also been known for centuries. It connected two diaphragms with a taut string or wire, which transmitted sound by mechanical vibrations from one to the other along the wire, and not by a modulated electrical current...

Canadian Parliamentary Motion On Alexander Graham Bell ... The symbolic motion was a response to the 107th United States Congress' earlier resolution (HRes 269) of June 11, 2002, which recognized the contributions of Antonio Meucci. Due to a misleading press release issued by U. S...

In Re Bilski ... The Supreme Court of the United States issued an opinion on appeal (as Bilski v. Kappos) that affirmed the judgment of the CAFC, but revised many aspects of the CAFC's decision...

Google Search ... The order of search results on Google's search-results pages is based, in part, on a priority rank called a "PageRank". Google Search provides many options for customized search, using Boolean operators such as: implied "AND" (if several concatenated search terms separated by spaces are given, only pages containing all of them should be returned), exclusion ("-xx"), alternatives ("xx OR yy"), and wildcard ("x * x")...

Google ... Google was first incorporated as a privately held company on September 4, 1998, and its initial public offering followed on August 19, 2004. At that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024...

Independent Film ... At the time of the formation of the MPPC, Thomas Edison owned most of the major patents relating to motion pictures, including that for raw film... Because of this, a number of filmmakers responded by building their own cameras and moving their operations to Hollywood, California, where the distance from Edison's home base of New Jersey made it more difficult for the MPPC to enforce its patents... The Edison Trust was soon ended by two decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States: one in 1912, which canceled the patent on raw film, and a second in 1915, which cancelled all MPPC patents...

Societal Views On Patents ... History Criticism of patents reached an early peak in Victorian Britain between 1850 and 1880, in a campaign against patenting that expanded to target copyright too and, in the judgment of historian Adrian Johns, "remains to this day the strongest ever undertaken against intellectual property", coming close to abolishing patents... MacFie - were inventors and entrepreneurs, and it was also supported by radical laissez-faire economists (The Economist published anti-patent views), law scholars, scientists (who were concerned that patents were obstructing research) and manufacturers... Based on the criticism of patents as state-granted monopolies inconsistent with free trade, the Netherlands abolished patents in 1869 (having established them in 1817), and did not reintroduce them until 1912...

History Of Patent Law ... The first Italian patent was actually awarded by the Republic of Florence in 1421, and there is evidence suggesting that something like patents was used among some ancient Greek cities... Charles Anthon expanded on this, saying that in Sybaris, "encouragement was held out to all who should discover any new refinement in luxury, the profits arising from which were secured to the inventor by patent for the space of a year." Australia In Australia, the system of granting patents in the Australian Colonies is based upon British law, and can be traced back to the English Statute of Monopolies of 1623...

History Of United States Patent Law ... In 1474, in Venice, the first known patent law that granted inventors exclusive rights to their inventions was passed as a result of an economic policy. Thereafter, patents were a formal means of granting and restricting monopolies in Europe...

Patent Prosecution ... Patent prosecution is distinct from patent litigation, which describes legal action relating to the infringement of patents...

Patentable Subject Matter ... Canada According to the Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO) patents may only be granted for physical embodiments of an idea, or a process that results in something that is tangible or can be sold... Practice at the European Patent Office Under Article 52(1) EPC, "European patents shall be granted for any inventions which are susceptible of industrial application, which are new and which involve an inventive step." So, four questions need to be assessed: Is there an invention? Is the invention susceptible of industrial application? Is the invention novel? Does the invention involve an inventive step? The first question "Is there an invention?" is equivalent to: "Is the claimed subject-matter as a whole excluded from the realm of patentable subject-matter?" The invention question or patentable subject-matter question necessarily precedes the three further questions, which cannot be assessed when there is no invention...

History Of Radio ... government (among others) to avoid having to pay the royalties that were being claimed by Tesla for use of his patents... He began collaborating with Marconi on resolving the problem of a wireless communication system, obtaining some patents by the end of 1899... Cervera, who had worked with Marconi and his assistant George Kemp in 1899, resolved the difficulties of wireless telegraph and obtained his first patents prior to the end of that year...

Competition Law ... The history of competition law reaches back to the Roman Empire. The business practices of market traders, guilds and governments have always been subject to scrutiny, and sometimes severe sanctions...