Quantum Computing A New Era of Molecular Circuit Chips

Pentium FDIV Bug ... The flaw was independently discovered and publicly disclosed in October 1994 by Professor Thomas R. Nicely at Lynchburg College, Virginia, USA...

Microcode ... Modern microcode is normally written by an engineer during the processor design phase and stored in a ROM (read-only memory) or PLA (programmable logic array) structure, or a combination of both. However, machines also exist which have some (or all) microcode stored in SRAM or flash memory...

Symmetric Multiprocessing ... Serious programming challenges remain with this kind of architecture because it requires two distinct modes of programming, one for the CPUs themselves and one for the interconnect between the CPUs. A single programming language would have to be able to not only partition the workload, but also comprehend the memory locality, which is severe in a mesh-based architecture...

Electronic Circuit ... Breadboards, perfboards or stripboards are common for testing new designs. They allow the designer to make quick changes to the circuit during development...

Radio-frequency Identification ... RFID tags are used in many industries. An RFID attached to an automobile during production can be used to track its progress through the assembly line...

Integrated Circuit Layout Design Protection ... Like most of the other forms of intellectual property, IC layout designs are creations of the human mind. They are usually the result of an enormous investment, both in terms of the time of highly qualified experts, and financially...

Calculator ... The first solid state electronic calculator was created in the 1960s, building on the history of tools such as the abacus, developed around 2000 BC; and the mechanical calculator, developed in the 17th century. It was developed in parallel with the analog computers of the day...

History Of Computing Hardware ... Computing hardware evolved from machines that needed separate manual action to perform each arithmetic operation, to punched card machines, and then to stored-program computers. The history of stored-program computers relates first to computer architecture, that is, the organization of the units to perform input and output, to store data and to operate as an integrated mechanism (see block diagram to the right)...

Integrated Circuit ... Integrated circuits are used in virtually all electronic equipment today and have revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones, and other digital appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the low cost of production of integrated circuits...

Pulp Mill ... Wood and other plant materials used to make pulp contain three main components (apart from water): cellulose fibres (desired for papermaking), lignin (a three-dimensional polymer that binds the cellulose fibres together) and hemicelluloses, (shorter branched carbohydrate polymers). The aim of pulping is to break down the bulk structure of the fibre source, be it chips, stems or other plant parts, into the constituent fibres...

Microarchitecture ... The microarchitecture of a machine is usually represented as (more or less detailed) diagrams that describe the interconnections of the various microarchitectural elements of the machine, which may be everything from single gates and registers, to complete arithmetic logic units (ALU) and even larger elements. These diagrams generally separate the datapath (where data is placed) and the control path (which can be said to steer the data)...

Microprocessor ... The advent of low-cost computers on integrated circuits has transformed modern society. General-purpose microprocessors in personal computers are used for computation, text editing, multimedia display, and communication over the Internet...

Intel 4004 ... This resulted in the 4004, which was part of a family of chips, including ROM, DRAM and serial to parallel shift register chips...

History Of General Purpose CPUs ... The design freedom of the time was very important, for designers were very constrained by the cost of electronics, yet just beginning to explore how a computer could best be organized. Some of the basic features introduced during this period included index registers (on the Ferranti Mark 1), a return-address saving instruction (UNIVAC I), immediate operands (IBM 704), and the detection of invalid operations (IBM 650)...

Supercomputer Architecture ... While the supercomputers of the 1970s used only a few processors, in the 1990s, machines with thousands of processors began to appear and by the end of the 20th century, massively parallel supercomputers with tens of thousands of "off-the-shelf" processors were the norm. Supercomputers of the 21st century can use over 100,000 processors (some being graphic units) connected by fast connections...

Hubble Space Telescope ... Hubble's orbit outside the distortion of Earth's atmosphere allows it to take extremely sharp images with almost no background light. Hubble's Ultra-Deep Field image, for instance, is the most detailed visible-light image ever made of the universe's most distant objects...

Electronic Packaging ... It refers to enclosures and protective features built into the product itself, and not to shipping containers. It applies both to end products and to components...

Electronic Design Automation ... This article describes EDA specifically with respect to integrated circuits. History Early days Before EDA, integrated circuits were designed by hand, and manually laid out...

Multi-core Processor ... Processors were originally developed with only one core. A many-core processor is a multi-core processor in which the number of cores is large enough that traditional multi-processor techniques are no longer efficient — largely because of issues with congestion in supplying instructions and data to the many processors...

Supercomputer ... Systems with a massive number of processors generally take one of two paths: in one approach, e.g. in grid computing the processing power of a large number of computers in distributed, diverse administrative domains, is opportunistically used whenever a computer is available...

Intel ... Intel was an early developer of SRAM and DRAM memory chips, and this represented the majority of its business until 1981. Although Intel created the world's first commercial microprocessor chip in 1971, it was not until the success of the personal computer (PC) that this became its primary business...